ERNIE-Image Technical Report

We introduce ERNIE-Image, an open-source text-to-image generation model built upon an 8B single-stream DiT architecture. ERNIE-Image aims to bridge the gap between current open-source models and leading closed-source systems through more effective mining of large-scale pre-training data and improved supervision quality throughout training. During pre-training, we adopt a bottom-up data construction pipeline that combines fine-grained image categorization, rich caption annotation, aesthetic assessment, and hierarchical sampling. This strategy reduces data noise while preserving long-tail concepts and detailed real-world knowledge, providing a stronger foundation for complex generation tasks. In the post-training stage, we use a top-down data construction pipeline for high-demand scenarios, diversify prompt annotations to better match real user inputs, and apply a stabilized DPO strategy to align the model with human aesthetic preferences. We further train ERNIE-Image-Turbo for efficient 8-NFE generation and propose MT-DMD to mitigate capability drift during distillation. To make the model easier to use in practical scenarios, we equip it with a lightweight Prompt Enhancer that expands concise user intents into structured visual descriptions. In addition, we develop ERNIE-Image-Aes, an industrial-grade aesthetic model, together with ERNIE-Image-Aes-1K, a human-annotated benchmark for realistic aesthetic evaluation. Extensive qualitative and quantitative experiments show that ERNIE-Image achieves leading performance among open-source models and approaches top-tier commercial models in instruction following, text rendering, and aesthetic quality. We release the trained models and aesthetic resources to facilitate further academic research and technical progress in the AIGC community.

Distill to Think, Foresee to Act: Cognitive-Physical Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Driving

Current end-to-end autonomous driving models are fundamentally constrained by the behavioral cloning ceiling of imitation learning. While reinforcement learning offers a path to smarter autonomy, it demands two missing pieces of infrastructure: (1) a cognitive foundation that understands traffic semantics and driving intent, and (2) a foresighted physical environment that can anticipate the consequences of candidate actions. To this end, we propose CoPhy, a CognitivePhysical reinforcement learning framework for autonomous driving. To distill to think, we distill VLM knowledge into the BEV encoder and then discard the VLM entirely, retaining cognitive ability at zero inference cost while releasing the cognitive channel as a pluggable interface for optional human language commands. To foresee to act, we build an auto-regressive BEV world model that explicitly predicts future semantic maps conditioned on candidate actions, serving as an interpretable physical sandbox from which safety metrics are directly derived. Built upon this dual infrastructure, we optimize the driving policy via GRPO with a novel dual-reward mechanism: a physical reward derived from BEV rollouts enforces hard safety constraints, while a cognitive reward from a language-aligned scorer ensures intent compliance. Extensive experiments demonstrate that CoPhy not only achieves state-of-the-art results on NAVSIM v1 and v2 benchmarks, but also enables safer driving via cognitively informed scene compliance and flexible intent control through user-defined language instructions.

OmniLiDAR: A Unified Diffusion Framework for Multi-Domain 3D LiDAR Generation

LiDAR scene generation is increasingly important for scalable simulation and synthetic data creation, especially under diverse sensing conditions that are costly to capture at scale. Typically, diffusion-based LiDAR generators are developed under single-domain settings, requiring separate models for different datasets or sensing conditions and hindering unified, controllable synthesis under heterogeneous distribution shifts. To this end, we present OmniLiDAR, a unified text-conditioned diffusion framework that generates LiDAR scans in a shared range-image representation across eight representative domains spanning three shift types: adverse weather, sensor-configuration changes (e.g., reduced beams), and cross-platform acquisition (vehicle, drone, and quadruped). To enable training a single model over heterogeneous domains without isolating optimization by domain, we introduce a Cross-Domain Training Strategy (CDTS) that mixes domains within each mini-batch and leverages conditioning to steer generation. We further propose Cross-Domain Feature Modeling (CDFM), which captures directional dependencies along azimuth and elevation axes to reflect the anisotropic scanning structure of range images, and Domain-Adaptive Feature Scaling (DAFS) as a lightweight modulation to account for structured domain-dependent feature shifts during denoising. In the absence of a public consolidated benchmark, we construct an 8-domain dataset by combining real-world scans with physically based weather simulation and systematic beam reduction while following official splits. Extensive experiments demonstrate strong generation fidelity and consistent gains in downstream use cases, including generative data augmentation for LiDAR semantic segmentation and 3D object detection, as well as robustness evaluation under corruptions, with consistent benefits in limited-label regimes.

Beyond Local vs. External: A Game-Theoretic Framework for Trustworthy Knowledge Acquisition

Cloud-hosted Large Language Models (LLMs) offer unmatched reasoning capabilities and dynamic knowledge, yet submitting raw queries to these external services risks exposing sensitive user intent. Conversely, relying exclusively on trusted local models preserves privacy but often compromises answer quality due to limited parameter scale and knowledge. To resolve this dilemma, we propose Game-theoretic Trustworthy Knowledge Acquisition (GTKA), a framework that formulates the trade-off between knowledge utility and privacy as a strategic game. GTKA consists of three components: (i) a privacy-aware sub-query generator that decomposes sensitive intent into generalized, low-risk fragments; (ii) an adversarial reconstruction attacker that attempts to infer the original query from these fragments, providing adaptive leakage signals; and (iii) a trusted local integrator that synthesizes external responses within a secure boundary. By training the generator and attacker in an alternating adversarial manner, GTKA optimizes the sub-query generation policy to maximize knowledge acquisition accuracy while minimizing the reconstructability of the original sensitive intent. To validate our approach, we construct two sensitive-domain benchmarks in the biomedical and legal fields. Extensive experiments demonstrate that GTKA significantly reduces intent leakage compared to state-of-the-art baselines while maintaining high-fidelity answer quality.

Task-Guided Prompting for Unified Remote Sensing Image Restoration

Remote sensing image restoration (RSIR) is essential for recovering high-fidelity imagery from degraded observations, enabling accurate downstream analysis. However, most existing methods focus on single degradation types within homogeneous data, restricting their practicality in real-world scenarios where multiple degradations often across diverse spectral bands or sensor modalities, creating a significant operational bottleneck. To address this fundamental gap, we propose TGPNet, a unified framework capable of handling denoising, cloud removal, shadow removal, deblurring, and SAR despeckling within a single, unified architecture. The core of our framework is a novel Task-Guided Prompting (TGP) strategy. TGP leverages learnable, task-specific embeddings to generate degradation-aware cues, which then hierarchically modulate features throughout the decoder. This task-adaptive mechanism allows the network to precisely tailor its restoration process for distinct degradation patterns while maintaining a single set of shared weights. To validate our framework, we construct a unified RSIR benchmark covering RGB, multispectral, SAR, and thermal infrared modalities for five aforementioned restoration tasks. Experimental results demonstrate that TGPNet achieves state-of-the-art performance on both unified multi-task scenarios and unseen composite degradations, surpassing even specialized models in individual domains such as cloud removal. By successfully unifying heterogeneous degradation removal within a single adaptive framework, this work presents a significant advancement for multi-task RSIR, offering a practical and scalable solution for operational pipelines. The code and benchmark will be released at https://github.com/huangwenwenlili/TGPNet.

On Emergences of Non-Classical Statistical Characteristics in Classical Neural Networks

Inspired by measurement incompatibility and Bell-family inequalities in quantum mechanics, we propose the Non-Classical Network (NCnet), a simple classical neural architecture that stably exhibits non-classical statistical behaviors under typical and interpretable experimental setups. We find non-classicality, measured by the $S$ statistic of CHSH inequality, arises from gradient competitions of hidden-layer neurons shared by multi-tasks. Remarkably, even without physical links supporting explicit communication, one task head can implicitly sense the training task of other task heads via local loss oscillations, leading to non-local correlations in their training outcomes. Specifically, in the low-resource regime, the value of $S$ increases gradually with increasing resources and approaches toward its classical upper-bound 2, which implies that underfitting is alleviated with resources increase. As the model nears the critical scale required for adequate performance, $S$ may temporarily exceed 2. As resources continue to grow, $S$ then asymptotically decays down to and fluctuates around 2. Empirically, when model capacity is insufficient, $S$ is positively correlated with generalization performance, and the regime where $S$ first approaches $2$ often corresponding to good generalization. Overall, our results suggest that non-classical statistics can provide a novel perspective for understanding internal interactions and training dynamics of deep networks.

DiffuReason: Bridging Latent Reasoning and Generative Refinement for Sequential Recommendation

Latent reasoning has emerged as a promising paradigm for sequential recommendation, enabling models to capture complex user intent through multi-step deliberation. Yet existing approaches often rely on deterministic latent chains that accumulate noise and overlook the uncertainty inherent in user intent, and they are typically trained in staged pipelines that hinder joint optimization and exploration. To address these challenges, we propose DiffuReason, a unified "Think-then-Diffuse" framework for sequential recommendation. It integrates multi-step Thinking Tokens for latent reasoning, diffusion-based refinement for denoising intermediate representations, and end-to-end Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) alignment to optimize for ranking performance. In the Think stage, the model generates Thinking Tokens that reason over user history to form an initial intent hypothesis. In the Diffuse stage, rather than treating this hypothesis as the final output, we refine it through a diffusion process that models user intent as a probabilistic distribution, providing iterative denoising against reasoning noise. Finally, GRPO-based reinforcement learning enables the reasoning and refinement modules to co-evolve throughout training, without the constraints of staged optimization. Extensive experiments on four benchmarks demonstrate that DiffuReason consistently improves diverse backbone architectures. Online A/B tests on a large-scale industrial platform further validate its practical effectiveness.

Internalizing Multi-Agent Reasoning for Accurate and Efficient LLM-based Recommendation

Large Language Models (LLMs) are reshaping recommender systems by leveraging extensive world knowledge and semantic reasoning to interpret user intent. However, effectively integrating these capabilities with collaborative signals while avoiding prohibitive inference latency remains a critical bottleneck. To address this, we propose a trajectory-driven internalization framework to develop a Single-agent Trajectory-Aligned Recommender (STAR). Specifically, to internalize complex reasoning capabilities into a single efficient model, we first design a multi-agent teacher system capable of multi-turn tool usage and reflection. This teacher utilizes a Collaborative Signal Translation mechanism to explicitly convert latent behavioral patterns into descriptive natural language evidence to enhance reasoning accuracy. Subsequently, a trajectory-driven distillation pipeline transfers this agentic logic, including planning, tool usage, and self-reflection, into the compact STAR model. Extensive experiments demonstrate that STAR surpasses its teacher by 8.7% to 39.5% while eliminating iterative latency, paving the way for real-time, reasoning-enhanced recommendation.

ChainRec: An Agentic Recommender Learning to Route Tool Chains for Diverse and Evolving Interests

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into recommender systems, motivating recent interest in agentic and reasoning-based recommendation. However, most existing approaches still rely on fixed workflows, applying the same reasoning procedure across diverse recommendation scenarios. In practice, user contexts vary substantially-for example, in cold-start settings or during interest shifts, so an agent should adaptively decide what evidence to gather next rather than following a scripted process. To address this, we propose ChainRec, an agentic recommender that uses a planner to dynamically select reasoning tools. ChainRec builds a standardized Tool Agent Library from expert trajectories. It then trains a planner using supervised fine-tuning and preference optimization to dynamically select tools, decide their order, and determine when to stop. Experiments on AgentRecBench across Amazon, Yelp, and Goodreads show that ChainRec consistently improves Avg HR@{1,3,5} over strong baselines, with especially notable gains in cold-start and evolving-interest scenarios. Ablation studies further validate the importance of tool standardization and preference-optimized planning.

Teaching According to Students' Aptitude: Personalized Mathematics Tutoring via Persona-, Memory-, and Forgetting-Aware LLMs

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into intelligent tutoring systems to provide human-like and adaptive instruction. However, most existing approaches fail to capture how students' knowledge evolves dynamically across their proficiencies, conceptual gaps, and forgetting patterns. This challenge is particularly acute in mathematics tutoring, where effective instruction requires fine-grained scaffolding precisely calibrated to each student's mastery level and cognitive retention. To address this issue, we propose TASA (Teaching According to Students' Aptitude), a student-aware tutoring framework that integrates persona, memory, and forgetting dynamics for personalized mathematics learning. Specifically, TASA maintains a structured student persona capturing proficiency profiles and an event memory recording prior learning interactions. By incorporating a continuous forgetting curve with knowledge tracing, TASA dynamically updates each student's mastery state and generates contextually appropriate, difficulty-calibrated questions and explanations. Empirical results demonstrate that TASA achieves superior learning outcomes and more adaptive tutoring behavior compared to representative baselines, underscoring the importance of modeling temporal forgetting and learner profiles in LLM-based tutoring systems.